Periboea is the name of numerous women in Greek mythology, and Wikipedia treats it as a disambiguation entry covering at least nine distinct figures. The Periboea relevant here is the Olenian one: the daughter of Hipponous and the wife of Oeneus, by whom she became the mother of Tydeus.

Because the name is shared so widely, this Periboea is carefully distinguished from her namesakes. These include the Oceanid daughter of Oceanus and Tethys; the daughter of the Giant Eurymedon, mother of Nausithous by Poseidon; the daughter of Cychreus or Alcathous, who bore Ajax to Telamon; the Corinthian Periboea who is an alternate name for Merope, foster-mother of Oedipus; the Naiad wife of Icarius and mother of Penelope; the Locrian maiden sent to Athena's shrine at Troy; the daughter of Acessamenus, mother of Pelagon by the river-god Axius; and the daughter of Aeolus.

Periboea was the daughter of Hipponous, a king of Olenus, an Achaean city; she is accordingly called "the Olenian" Periboea. Through her father she belonged to the royal house of Olenus in Achaea.

By Oeneus, king of Calydon, she became the mother of Tydeus, and possibly also of Melanippus or Olenias. Tydeus would go on to father the hero Diomedes and to take part in the expedition of the Seven against Thebes, giving Periboea a place in the ancestry of two notable warriors.

Periboea came to Oeneus of Calydon after the death of his first wife, Althaea, becoming his second wife. The circumstances of her arrival are explained by a tradition recorded in the disambiguation account: she was sent away to Oeneus by her father Hipponous because she had been seduced by Hippostratus, son of Amarynceus.

Once established in the royal house of Calydon, Periboea bore Oeneus his son Tydeus. In this dominant strand of the tradition she is named as Tydeus' mother, linking her to the saga of the Seven against Thebes through her son and to the Trojan War through her grandson Diomedes.